Out of a recent conversation popped this interesting question: who was the first superhero? After a short discussion and a few guesses (Superman, Batman, etc), it was agreed that this might be the most perfect question to ask the internet in the long history of questions.
The earliest superhero I could find reference to was Mandrake the Magician, who debuted in 1934, four years before Superman, who was probably the first popular superhero. Mandrake's super power was his ability to "make people believe anything, simply by gesturing hypnotically". Does anyone out there know of any superheroes who made an earlier media appearance?
There's a related question that has some bearing on the answer to the above question: what is a superhero? There have probably been books (or at least extensive Usenet threads) written on this topic, but a good baseline definition needs to acknowledge both the "super" and the "hero" parts. That is, the person needs to have some superhuman power or powers and has to fight the bad guys. But this basic definition is flawed. Superman is an alien, not human. Batman doesn't have any super powers...he's a self-made superhero like Syndrome in The Incredibles. Or can a superhero be anyone (human or no) that fights bad guys and is superior to normal heroes...the cream of the hero crop? And what about a costume or alter ego...are they essential for superheroism? These are all questions well-suited for asking the internet, so have at it: what's a good definition for a superhero?
And there's (at least) one more angle to this as well...where did the idea of the superhero come from? As Meg suggested to me at dinner last night, was there a cultural need for a superhero during a super-crisis like the Great Depression? Or did the idea evolve gradually from regular heros (cowboys, space cowboys, etc.) to heros who were magicians (with special powers...it's not that much of a stretch to imagine a magician possessing supernatural powers) to classic superheroes like Superman?
Additionally, you might enjoy the book Superheroes on the Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society. Great book on the psychology of comic books and to a lesser extent their authors.
If you want some historical insight check out
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book
furthermore, to my knowledge Superman did not at all debut in 1928 but rather in 1938. Detective Comics (the U.S.A.'s first widely distributed super-hero comic book printing house) started up with Batman in 1935, though this may have been in response to numerous small press releases of other Batman-ish books like The Phantom and other detective pulp in the couple of years previous.
But the reason I say you're thinking about it to hard is because the idea of super-heros is prehistoric. It goes back to before the dawn of human civilization. Think about all the ancient Myths you learned about when you were a kid. Hercules is a particularly well televised example of this but its actually one of the better documented and more recent mythical hero stories of all time, being that its greek and all. There were probably early homo sapiens somewhere in africa about 900,000 years ago telling super hero stories to each other within minutes of the development of speech. Its just how humans think. We look at our own frailties and failings and then imagine a man (or woman) who is like us but without those frailties. A Superman.
-Dan
p.s. I do of course realize and relish in the irony that I have accused you of thinking too much about it considering how much I have clearly thought too much about this. C'est la vi, hypocrisy doesn't bother me even a little bit.
Sorry, that was a typo. Mandrake the Magician debuted in 1934, not 1924...making Superman's debut in 1938.
By the way, I hope y'all have read Kavalier & Clay, by Michael Chabon.
And why on earth did I not think to check Wikipedia, home of obsessive documentation of nearly everything?
There have been heros for as long as man has roamed the Earth, but the first hero with super powers is generally accepted to be Superman.
If you're talking about fictional characters, definitely.
if all we're talking about is well documented stories of superhumans using power for good, then, ya, i'm not sure if anyone preceeds gilgamesh. maybe krishna? or is there a chinese superhero whose legend preceeds sumerian times?
While I don't know explicitly where the idea comes from, it seems to me that there are a few interesting threads that could be looked at. First, many of the original superhero creators were immigrants or children of immigrants -- Americans but not quite like other Americans. Much has been made of the "Jewishness" of Superman -- an immigrant from an Old World whose geeky, mild-mannered, weakling exterior hides his inner superiority to everyone around him, who even chose an American name to hide his secret foreign-sounding one. A second thread is the rise of teen culture in the US, and the development of the gender gap as the necessity for greater and greater independence became a factor in child-rearing. FInally, I think it bears looking at the problems of urban living which, at the beginning of the 20th century, had become the main environment for most Americans. Especially important in this connection is the anonymity afforded by urban living and the alientation -- call it the Walter Mitty effect -- leading people to desperately wish for a way to prove themselves worthy and *noticable*.
The idea of a "super" hero, though, is as old as recorded literature: Gilgamesh, Hercules/Heracles, Achilles, Samson, Beowulf, etc. Hercules even wore a costume--the skin of the Nemean Lion.
I'd venture that a "super hero" as opposed to an ordinary hero, is someone who essentially devotes their life to being a hero as their foundation. In this sense, I *would* consider quasi-mythological figures such as Zorro or Robin Hood to be effectively superheroes, though they lack a lot of the stereotypes we've come to associate with superheroes. (Or perhaps not... depending on how you look at it.)
What sets the superhero apart from the "everyday" hero such as the fireman who's job is to do things that might be seen is perfectly heroic, is that the Superhero generally is symbolic. The superhero does what nobody else is doing, in a way that most people can't, at least not readily. Batman has, in some incarnations, rationalized that he does what he does because nobody else can. Notice if you will, that most if not all superheroes are beyond (but not neccessarily above) what regular people think of as the law. Superman regularly does things that would, if you think about it, break scores of laws. And the activities of Batman - or Robin Hood - go without saying. Part of what makes the superhero super, perhaps, is his ability to perform these duties and not abuse the fact that he must operate outside the normal bounds of citizens.
All this is, I feel, a bit part of what feeds into making a hero a superhero in our minds - when they become larger than life, existing outside the boundaries that we normally exist in. Ironically, history in real life has probably seen more "super villains" than real super heroes; it's much more tempting to human weakness and easier, to go outside the normal boundaries and cause harm or perform selfish acts. Many of the colorful supervillains from comic books, especially Batman's rogue gallery of criminals, are not very far removed in some cases from the activities of real life villains who are epic in scope.
I actually do think The Incredibles explored this issue in a subtle way; the fact that the basis of Syndrome's psychosis is that he was fixated on one element of the superhero making a person a "super" - special powers or abilities. That was evidenced in his plot to destory the ideas of "supers" by making everyone "super" eventually; as if giving everyone special powers is all it would take to eliminate the idea of heroes.
- larger than life
- a force for good
- an inspiration to his peers
- battle equally epic villains
- exist in a literary form
Put me down for a vote for Gilgamesh as the first superhero. That's a written tale at least 4,500 years old.
The first Zorro dime novel was published in 1919.
The first Tarzan book was in 1912.
First, many of the original superhero creators were immigrants or children of immigrants -- Americans but not quite like other Americans. Much has been made of the "Jewishness" of Superman -- an immigrant from an Old World whose geeky, mild-mannered, weakling exterior hides his inner superiority to everyone around him, who even chose an American name to hide his secret foreign-sounding one.
Indeed Dustin. There's a great book on that topic as well -- Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book:
"By the author of The Comic Book Heroes, Killing Monsters, and scores of successful comic books and screenplays, Men of Tomorrow is the first book to tell the surprising story of the young Jewish misfits, hustlers and nerds who invented the superhero and the comic book industry. Among the characters in this vibrant panorama:
" * Jerry Seigel and Joe Shuster, the goofy myopic creators of Superman, who sold the rights to the Man of Tomorrow for $130 to...
" * Harry Donenfield, former pornographer and con-man, and his partner, Jack Liebowitz, founder of DC Comics, who went on to help build Steve Ross's legendary Warner Communications
" * Batman's Bob Kane, who rose to fame and fortune in a career based entirely on lies and self-promotion
" * Mort Weisinger, the ruthless editor of Superman, who suffered a nervous breakdown when he tried to be a superhero himself
" * Plus Stan Lee, founder of a new kind of hero, including Spiderman, at Marvel Comics; Will Eisner, whose creation "The Spirit" has become a cult classic, and many, many more.
"Springing unheralded out of working-class Jewish immigrant neighborhoods in the depths of the Depression, these young men transformed an odd mix of geekdom, science fiction, and outsider yearnings into blue-eyed, chisel-nosed crime-fighters and adventurers who quickly captured the mainstream imagination. Within a few years their inventions were being read by 90% of American children and had spawned a new genre in movies, radio and TV that still dominates youth entertainment seventy years later."
Apparently this thread is inspiring my inner librarian, recommending books left and right.
In this light, the difference between modern superheros and older heros (Jesus, Gilgamesh, Hercules, Arthur) is that the older heroes operated in a religious milieu; their powers were derived from their connection with the divine. Superheroes are secular characters, whose powers (more often than not, anyway) derive from the realm of science and technology. Granted, there are some magical superheroes -- Wonder Woman, for instance, or Captain Marvel -- but even then it is often their ability to manipulate the world of science and technology (e.g. WW's invisible plane) that sets them apart.
Superman has superhuman powers because he possesses powers that are above that of mankind. Therefore, he is a superhero.
Batman, as cool as he is, is not a superhero. But he is a super hero. =o)
As for the reason for Superhero's; I think her's (or 'super' heros) were always needed. It's jsut earlier superhero's like cowboys are not seen as super now. However, they were much better than the average at gunslinging and all had colerfull names and personalities. I think we the dawn of the 30s and in even earlier in the post World War I era, people realized that a gun slinging cowboy could not save them. People demanded (or wanted) hero's with more powers. Hero's that would not be plowed down by machine guns and rifles. Hense superman was made. As street crime began to dominate people's fears, less super-human heros like Batman appeared.
That's my 2 cents.
A hero is part human and part supernatural.
A hero is borne out of a childhood trauma, or out of a disaster- that MUST be avenged.
The Phantom is a funny one really - he's a US creation, but seems to have become far more well known in other countries, Australia especially (my country). For generations, comic fans here who had no interest in obviously American superheroes have been big Phantom fans. Not sure how it happened.
I still like the idea of the ancient gods and heroes being superheroes though, but it does probably stretch the definition a little too far (it's like asking superhero fans now whether Buffy fits the definition!)
For example, Tarzan was created in response to the beasts in the jungle - which were considered man's enemy at the time - whilst Superman was created when man's enemy was man himself.
I think that is probably the definition of "superhero" - a fictional character created in response to the times.
A superhero in a tunic or a loincloth is just some yahoo.
Seriously though, I feel like I have to point out that a superhero doesn't require a person to have super powers. It just means that they're more than a hero - which I've always interpreted in the sense of the greek hero: a person who goes on a quest, overcomes adversity and then dies. Superheroes don't die.
Orczy's novel, and the serialization of Zorro could be considered the percursors to comic books, and this certainly set the mold for all the subsequent secret identity superheroes fighting injustice who had girlfriends more in love with the alter ego, etc.
I don't believe Gilgamesh et al qualify because although we think of them as myths or fiction now, the person or persons who first constructed these stories probably did not, nor did the early readers/listeners. As I understand it, they were writing/talking about real people, not fictional superheroes.
This may be an overstatement. It's very difficult to guess exactly how some of these ancient civilizations viewed their literature. Gilgamesh was the son of a goddess and had supernatural abilities -- just like Achilles, Heracles, etc.
These are not mere mortals but they are blessed with divine gifts. They were often agents of change bringing culture, social change or advancement to a civilization. Their stories were more than just historical lessons - there was an element of religion and cult worship. I would argue that they are part of the archetype of the superhero - even if they are foreign to our current definition.
Anyway - interesting topic.
I'd say Batman is the only true superhero. The others -- Superman, Wonder Woman, Hawkgirl, Flash (yes, I watch the Justice League with my oldest son) -- all have certain un-human powers. So, duh, of course they are super. They almost HAVE to be superheroes.
But, it's Batman that doesn't have any supernatural ability. He's had to scratch and claw for his super powers. He uses his brain -- likely the smartest superhero there is -- and work out to maintain his physical abilities.
-- Mike
That may be true, but Popeye predates all of them. And why is Men of Tomorrow the definitive reference? There are lots of works that cite Popeye as the first.
In the Middle age, there were some extra-strong guys, who'd fight the whole armies... Guys like divine Greek commanders should be also considered.
Here now, from the same work that cites Popeye as the first:
Action Comics #1 (first appearance of Superman) should still be the first full-fledged superhero comic and thus start the Golden Age, but not because it introduced an entirely new set of conventions: it merely presented them all together.
“First published in 1930, Gladiator is the tale of Hugo Danner, a man endowed from birth with extraordinary strength and speed. But Danner is no altruist. He spends his life trying to cope with his abilities, becoming a sports hero in college, later a sideshow act, a war hero, never truly finding peace with himself. The character of Danner inspired both Superman's creators, and Lester Dent's Doc Savage. But Wylie, an editor with the New Yorker, sought to develop more than a pulp hero. His Gladiator provides surprising insights into the difficulties suffered by the truly gifted when born in our midst.”
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0803298404/102-2948140-2244137?v=glance&n=283155&v=glance
See also:
The New Adam
By Stanley G. Weinbaum
First published in 1939
http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue404/classic.html
By that viewpoint, that cuts out a lot of the Gods. Many of them could create whole universes and wot not on a whim. Sons and daughters of Gods and demigods could be considered superheros tho. Hercules might be a great example. Rugged dude who had to go thru some pretty tough hoops to claim his prize.
I think in any culture tho, the first superheros are the ones from folk stories. Paul Bunyan, anyone?
Check it.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0802130860/qid=1130182637/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/002-2673277-9165615?v=glance&s=books
and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_King
Speaking of pulp, Osamu Tezuka, the father of AstroBoy, has had his manga version of the tale of Buddha released in a really nice edition. It is as Joseph Cambell descibred Buddha in "The Hero With A Thousand Faces" with Prince Siddartha as a spiritual hero.
One More:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1932234438/qid=1130183497/sr=2-2/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_2/002-2673277-9165615?v=glance&s=books
So I just wanted to posit that the superhero is an idea(l) that is passed down to us from the Eastern storytelling tradition. The Western style that we are most familiar with comes from the Greek Pantheon but the idea of the Super Heroin its most ancient form does probably belong to the Asiatics.
*not asian or selling books*
Well no - he wouldn't be the first. In his day he wasn't regarded as much of a "hero" ... more of a victim.
This thread is closed to new comments. Thanks to everyone who responded.

